IELTS Writing Task 1 語彙:グラフ・チャート・地図に必須の単語
IELTS Writing Task 1はエッセイではありません — データの描写です。20分でチャート・グラフ・表・地図・プロセス図を150語以上で説明する必要があります。Task 2とは全く異なる語彙が求められます。意見や議論ではなく、トレンド・比較・割合・時間表現のための語彙が必要なのです。
多くの受験者がここで減点されるのは、データの読み取りを間違えたからではなく、「increased」「decreased」「the chart shows」の3語だけで描写してしまうからです。このガイドでは、150以上の単語とフレーズを、Task 1での使い方に沿って整理しています。どんなチャートでも、バンド7〜9が求める正確さと表現の幅で描写できるようになります。
- 語彙数: 150以上
- 整理方法: 機能別(トレンド、比較、割合、チャート導入、時間)
- 対応チャート: 折れ線グラフ、棒グラフ、円グラフ、表、地図、プロセス図
- こんな人に最適: IELTS Academic Writing Task 1、バンド6〜9対策
Task 1の語彙はどう採点されるか
Task 1はTask 2と同じ4つの基準で採点され、各25%です:
| 基準 | Task 1での意味 |
|---|---|
| Task Achievement | 主な特徴を描写し、比較したか? |
| Coherence and Cohesion | 論理的に整理され、うまくつながっているか? |
| Lexical Resource | 語彙の幅を正確に使っているか? |
| Grammatical Range | 多様な文構造を使っているか? |
Lexical Resource(語彙力) がスコアに直結する部分です:
| バンド | 試験官が求めるもの |
|---|---|
| 5 | 語彙が限られている;トレンドに間違った単語を使う;繰り返しが多い |
| 6 | 十分な語彙;やや珍しい単語を使おうとするがエラーがある |
| 7 | データを柔軟に描写できる十分な語彙の幅;やや珍しい語彙を文体に合わせて使える |
| 8 | 幅広い語彙を自然に使う;エラーが極めて少ない;正確な語選択 |
| 9 | 完全な柔軟性と正確さ;プロのレポートのように読める |
Task 1で最大の語彙ミスは「繰り返し」です。「increased」を4回、「decreased」を3回書くと、データ描写がどれほど正確でもバンド6止まりです。
カテゴリー1:チャートの導入
Task 1の回答はすべて、チャートが何を示しているかのパラフレーズから始まります。問題文をそのままコピーしてはいけません — 試験官は減点します。
「The chart shows…」の動詞
| 動詞 | フォーマル度 | 例文 |
|---|---|---|
| illustrates | フォーマル | The line graph illustrates changes in unemployment rates over a 20-year period. |
| depicts | フォーマル | The bar chart depicts the number of tourists visiting five countries in 2024. |
| presents | ニュートラル | The table presents a comparison of average salaries across four industries. |
| compares | ニュートラル | The chart compares the percentage of households with internet access in three nations. |
| outlines | フォーマル | The diagram outlines the process of water purification. |
| provides information about | ニュートラル | The graph provides information about energy consumption by sector. |
| gives a breakdown of | ニュートラル | The pie chart gives a breakdown of government spending by category. |
チャートの種類を表す名詞
すべてを「the chart」と呼ばず、正確な名詞を使いましょう。
| チャートの種類 | 名詞フレーズ |
|---|---|
| 折れ線グラフ | the line graph, the graph, the figure |
| 棒グラフ | the bar chart, the chart, the figure |
| 円グラフ | the pie chart, the chart |
| 表 | the table, the data, the figures |
| 地図 | the two maps, the diagrams |
| プロセス図 | the diagram, the flow chart, the figure |
導入文の時間表現
| 表現 | 例文 |
|---|---|
| over a _-year period | …over a 30-year period from 1990 to 2020. |
| between and | …between 2010 and 2025. |
| from to | …from January to December 2024. |
| during the period | …during the period shown. |
| in the year _ | …in the year 2023. |
バンド7以上の導入文例: The line graph illustrates the average monthly rainfall in three Asian cities over a 12-month period from January to December.
カテゴリー2:上昇トレンドの描写
Task 1で最も重要な語彙カテゴリーです。「went up(上がった)」を複数の方法で表現する必要があります。
動詞(上昇)
| 動詞 | 強さ | 例文 |
|---|---|---|
| rose | 中程度 | Sales rose from 200 to 350 units. |
| increased | 中程度 | The number of students increased steadily. |
| grew | 中程度 | The population grew by 15% over the decade. |
| climbed | 中〜強 | Unemployment climbed to 8% in the third quarter. |
| surged | 強い | Demand surged during the holiday season. |
| soared | 非常に強い | House prices soared to record levels. |
| rocketed | 非常に強い | Internet usage rocketed between 2000 and 2010. |
| jumped | 急激 | Exports jumped by 25% in a single month. |
| doubled | 具体的 | The figure doubled from 500 to 1,000. |
| tripled | 具体的 | Revenue tripled in the space of five years. |
名詞(上昇)
| 名詞 | 強さ | 例文 |
|---|---|---|
| a rise | 中程度 | There was a rise in the number of applicants. |
| an increase | 中程度 | The chart shows an increase of 20%. |
| growth | 中程度 | The country experienced steady economic growth. |
| a surge | 強い | There was a sharp surge in demand. |
| a jump | 急激 | A sudden jump occurred in March. |
| a peak | 最大値 | The figure reached a peak of 450 in July. |
副詞と形容詞(速さ・大きさ)
| 変化の大きさ | 副詞(動詞と) | 形容詞(名詞と) |
|---|---|---|
| 小さい変化 | slightly, marginally | a slight, a marginal |
| 中程度の変化 | moderately, steadily | a moderate, a steady |
| 大きい変化 | significantly, considerably | a significant, a considerable |
| 速い変化 | sharply, rapidly, dramatically | a sharp, a rapid, a dramatic |
| 非常に速い変化 | steeply, exponentially | a steep, an exponential |
組み合わせ方:
- Sales rose sharply from 200 to 500.(動詞+副詞)
- There was a sharp rise from 200 to 500.(形容詞+名詞)
- The figure increased significantly, reaching 500 by December.(動詞+副詞)
カテゴリー3:下降トレンドの描写
動詞(下降)
| 動詞 | 強さ | 例文 |
|---|---|---|
| fell | 中程度 | The temperature fell to below zero overnight. |
| decreased | 中程度 | Exports decreased by 12% compared to the previous year. |
| declined | 中程度 | The birth rate has declined steadily since 2010. |
| dropped | 中〜強 | Attendance dropped sharply in the second quarter. |
| shrank | 中程度 | The workforce shrank due to automation. |
| plummeted | 非常に強い | Tourism numbers plummeted during the pandemic. |
| plunged | 非常に強い | Share prices plunged after the announcement. |
| halved | 具体的 | The number of complaints halved within one year. |
| dipped | わずか/一時的 | Revenue dipped briefly in March before recovering. |
名詞(下降)
| 名詞 | 強さ | 例文 |
|---|---|---|
| a fall | 中程度 | There was a fall of 15% in the third quarter. |
| a decrease | 中程度 | The data shows a decrease in household spending. |
| a decline | 中程度 | A steady decline is visible from 2015 onwards. |
| a drop | 中〜強 | A sharp drop occurred between June and July. |
| a dip | わずか/一時的 | There was a slight dip in sales during the summer. |
| a low | 最小値 | The figure reached a low of 120 in February. |
カテゴリー2と同じ副詞・形容詞がここでも使えます:fell sharply, a dramatic decline, decreased slightly。
カテゴリー4:安定と変動の描写
データが上下するだけとは限りません。横ばいや不安定な動きを表す語彙も必要です。
安定(変化なし)
| 表現 | 例文 |
|---|---|
| remained stable at | The rate remained stable at approximately 5%. |
| stayed constant at | Prices stayed constant at $200 throughout the year. |
| leveled off at | After rising sharply, the figure leveled off at 300. |
| plateaued at | Growth plateaued at 3% between 2018 and 2022. |
| remained unchanged | The proportion of female employees remained unchanged. |
| held steady at | Interest rates held steady at 2.5%. |
| maintained the same level | Exports maintained the same level as the previous year. |
変動(上下)
| 表現 | 例文 |
|---|---|
| fluctuated between and | The exchange rate fluctuated between 1.2 and 1.5. |
| varied considerably | Rainfall varied considerably from month to month. |
| experienced fluctuations | The stock price experienced significant fluctuations. |
| was erratic / volatile | Sales figures were erratic throughout the period. |
カテゴリー5:データの比較
Task 1ではほぼ必ず比較が求められます — 国・期間・カテゴリー・グループ間の比較です。
より高い値の比較
| 表現 | 例文 |
|---|---|
| was higher than | Spending on education was higher than spending on defense. |
| exceeded | Exports exceeded imports for the first time in 2019. |
| was the highest | Japan had the highest internet usage rate at 92%. |
| surpassed | Renewable energy surpassed coal as the primary source. |
| outnumbered | Female graduates outnumbered male graduates by 2 to 1. |
| accounted for the largest share | Housing accounted for the largest share of expenditure. |
より低い値の比較
| 表現 | 例文 |
|---|---|
| was lower than | The average salary was lower than the national median. |
| was the lowest | Country C had the lowest GDP per capita. |
| fell behind | Rural areas fell behind urban areas in internet access. |
| accounted for the smallest proportion | Transport accounted for the smallest proportion of spending. |
同程度の値の比較
| 表現 | 例文 |
|---|---|
| was similar to | Male and female participation rates were similar. |
| was comparable to | The 2020 figure was comparable to that of 2015. |
| was almost the same as | Spending on food was almost the same as spending on transport. |
| was roughly equal to | The number of imports was roughly equal to exports. |
対比フレーズ
| 表現 | 例文 |
|---|---|
| whereas | Japan had a rate of 92%, whereas India had only 34%. |
| while | While exports rose, imports declined sharply. |
| in contrast | Spending on education grew. In contrast, defense spending fell. |
| compared to / compared with | The figure was 45% in 2020, compared to only 12% in 2000. |
| by contrast | Urban areas grew rapidly. By contrast, rural populations shrank. |
| on the other hand | Europe saw growth. On the other hand, Africa experienced a decline. |
カテゴリー6:割合と数量の描写
円グラフと表で必須です。
| 表現 | おおよその範囲 | 例文 |
|---|---|---|
| the vast majority of | 80〜95% | The vast majority of respondents preferred option A. |
| the majority of | 50〜80% | The majority of students chose science subjects. |
| over half / more than half | 50〜65% | Over half of the budget was allocated to salaries. |
| a significant proportion of | 30〜50% | A significant proportion of energy came from coal. |
| around a third / roughly a third | 約33% | Roughly a third of the population lived in urban areas. |
| a quarter / approximately a quarter | 約25% | A quarter of all exports went to China. |
| a small minority of | 5〜15% | A small minority of households had no internet access. |
| a negligible proportion of | 5%未満 | A negligible proportion of energy came from solar power. |
概数表現
| 表現 | 例文 |
|---|---|
| approximately / roughly | Approximately 45% of students passed. |
| around / about | Around 30 million tourists visited annually. |
| just over / just under | Just over 60% of respondents agreed. |
| nearly / almost | Nearly 90% of households had internet access. |
| exactly / precisely | The figure was exactly 50%. |
カテゴリー7:地図とプロセス図の語彙
地図やプロセス図にはデータチャートとは異なる語彙が必要です。グラフ用の語彙をそのまま使うと減点されることがあります。
地図 — 変化の描写
| 表現 | 例文 |
|---|---|
| was replaced by | The farmland was replaced by a shopping center. |
| was converted into | The warehouse was converted into apartments. |
| was demolished / was knocked down | The old factory was demolished to make way for a park. |
| was constructed / was built | A new bridge was constructed across the river. |
| was extended / was expanded | The road was extended to connect the two villages. |
| was relocated to | The hospital was relocated to the outskirts of town. |
| remained unchanged | The church in the center remained unchanged. |
| underwent significant development | The area to the east underwent significant development. |
地図 — 場所の描写
| 表現 | 例文 |
|---|---|
| to the north / south / east / west of | A park was built to the north of the river. |
| in the center of | The town hall is located in the center of the map. |
| adjacent to / next to | The new school was built adjacent to the library. |
| on the outskirts of | A new housing estate was developed on the outskirts. |
| along the coast / riverbank | Hotels were constructed along the coast. |
| in the northeast / southwest corner | A factory appeared in the northeast corner. |
プロセス図 — 順序の表現
| 表現 | 例文 |
|---|---|
| in the first stage / step | In the first stage, raw materials are collected. |
| then / next / subsequently | The mixture is then heated to 100°C. |
| following this / after this | Following this, the liquid is filtered. |
| at this point / at this stage | At this stage, quality checks are performed. |
| finally / in the final stage | Finally, the finished product is packaged for distribution. |
| the process begins with | The process begins with the extraction of raw materials. |
| once _ is complete | Once filtration is complete, the water enters the storage tank. |
ビフォー&アフター:Task 1の回答全文
問題
The line graph below shows the percentage of households with internet access in three countries between 2000 and 2020.
バンド5の回答
The chart shows the percentage of households with internet access in three countries between 2000 and 2020. In 2000, Japan had 30%, the USA had 40%, and India had 5%. The internet access increased in all three countries. Japan increased to 95%, the USA increased to 90%, and India increased to 50%. Japan had the highest percentage in 2020. India had the lowest percentage. The internet access increased a lot in all countries.
問題点: 「increased」を4回使用、問題文から「shows」をそのままコピー、「a lot」があいまい、比較表現なし、副詞なし。
バンド7以上の回答
The line graph illustrates the proportion of households with internet connectivity in Japan, the USA, and India over a two-decade period from 2000 to 2020.
Overall, internet access rose significantly in all three nations, with Japan achieving the highest penetration rate by the end of the period.
In 2000, the USA led with approximately 40% of households connected, followed by Japan at 30%, while India lagged considerably behind at just 5%. Over the next decade, Japan experienced the most dramatic growth, surging from 30% to around 80%, thereby surpassing the USA, which climbed more steadily to 75%.
Between 2010 and 2020, Japan’s figure continued to rise, reaching a peak of 95%. The USA followed a similar trajectory, plateauing at roughly 90% by 2018. India, although starting from a much lower base, saw the steepest proportional increase, rising from 15% in 2010 to 50% by 2020 — a more than threefold increase in a single decade.
改善点:
- 「shows」→「illustrates」
- 「percentage」→「proportion」
- 「countries」→「nations」
- 「increased」(×4)→「rose」「surging」「climbed」「continued to rise」
- 強さの副詞を追加:「significantly」「dramatically」「steadily」「considerably」
- 比較表現を追加:「surpassing」「followed a similar trajectory」「lagged behind」
- 概数表現を追加:「approximately」「roughly」「around」
- 主要トレンドをまとめる概要(overview)を追加
練習用ボキャブラリー
Task 1で効果の高い単語をLinglifyの辞書に保存しましょう。各単語をクリックすると定義と発音が確認できます。
valid
形容詞
有効な, 妥当な, 正当な
例
- Valid argument supports logical reasoning and conclusion.
- Valid passport allows international travel without problems.
flexible
形容詞
柔軟な, 弾力のある
例
- Flexible working arrangements help employees balance work and family life.
- The flexible plastic tube can bend without breaking or cracking.
transmit
動詞
送る, 伝える, 伝送する
例
- Disease may transmit through contact with surfaces.
- Satellites transmit signals across vast distances effectively.
executive
形容詞
経営の, 役員の
例
- Executive decisions require careful consideration of multiple factors and consequences.
- The executive branch of government is responsible for implementing laws.
finance
動詞
資金を調達する, 融資する
例
- Many students need loans to finance their college education expenses.
- The bank agreed to finance the construction of the new shopping center.
culmination
名詞
頂点, 最高潮
例
- The graduation ceremony was the culmination of four years of hard study.
- Winning the championship represented the culmination of the team's efforts.
gulp
動詞
飲み込む, ぐっと飲む
例
- She had to gulp nervously before giving her presentation to the board.
- The thirsty runner gulped down an entire bottle of cold water.
tribe
名詞
部族
例
- Ancient tribe lived in harmony with nature.
- Indigenous tribe preserves traditional customs and languages.
cherished
形容詞
大切にされた, 愛された, 宝物の
例
- His cherished dream of becoming a pilot finally came true.
- The old photograph was her most cherished possession from childhood.
fate
名詞
運命, 宿命
例
- She believes that fate brought them together at the right moment.
- The explorer's fate remained unknown after he disappeared in the jungle.
territory
名詞
領土, 地域, 土地
例
- Animal territory provides food and shelter resources.
- National territory requires protection from foreign invasion.
payable
形容詞
支払われるべき, 支払可能な, 支払い義務のある
例
- All dues are payable at the end of the month.
- The invoice is payable within 30 days.
serenity
名詞
平静, 静けさ, 落ち着き
例
- She maintained her serenity despite the chaos.
- The serenity of the lake was calming.
classy
形容詞
上品な, 洗練された
例
- Classy restaurant serves gourmet food in elegant dining atmosphere.
- Her classy appearance impressed everyone at formal business meeting.
revolt
動詞
反乱, 蜂起, 叛乱
例
- A revolt broke out in the city center last night.
- The workers decided to revolt against the unfair conditions.
rethink
動詞
再考する, 見直す, 再検討する
例
- He decided to rethink his position on the issue.
- We need to rethink our strategy for the project.
gypsy
名詞
ジプシー, ロマ
例
- Traditional gypsy music features violin and passionate vocals.
- Wandering gypsy caravan traveled through European countryside.
buffoon
名詞
お笑い芸人, 道化, ばか
例
- Court buffoon entertained royal family with silly performances.
- Don't act like buffoon during important business presentation.
execution
名詞
実行, 処刑, 執行
例
- Perfect execution of the dance routine impressed judges and audience members.
- The execution of the business plan requires careful coordination and timing.
spellbound
形容詞
魅了された, 夢中の, 心を奪われた
例
- Audience sits spellbound during magical performance tonight.
- Children remain spellbound by storyteller's fascinating tales.
pet
形容詞
ペットの
例
- Pet project receives extra attention and resources.
- Pet theory explains professor's research focus area.
master
名詞
師匠, マスター
例
- Apprentices learn traditional crafts from experienced master craftsmen.
- The chess master defeated opponents using brilliant strategic moves.
salvage
名詞
救助, 回収
例
- Antique dealer specializes in salvage from demolished buildings.
- Divers recovered valuable salvage from sunken merchant ship.
Task 1語彙の練習戦略
1. 1日1つのチャートを描写する。 オンラインでIELTS練習用のチャート(Cambridge、British Council、IDP)を見つけ、150語で描写しましょう。変化を描写するたびに異なるトレンド動詞を使うことに集中してください。
2. 重要コンセプトの類義語チェーンを作る。 以下の5つのチェーンをカードに書いて毎日復習しましょう:
- 上がった: rose, increased, grew, climbed, surged, soared, rocketed
- 下がった: fell, decreased, declined, dropped, plummeted, dipped
- 変わらなかった: remained stable, held steady, leveled off, plateaued
- チャートが示す: illustrates, depicts, presents, compares, outlines
- 約: roughly, around, about, nearly, just over/under
3. 名詞+形容詞の形で練習する。 使ったトレンド動詞ごとに、同じ文を名詞形で書き直しましょう:「Sales rose sharply」→「There was a sharp rise in sales.」これで語彙の幅が一気に倍になります。
4. 時間を計る。 本番ではTask 1に20分です。時間制限のもとでの練習をしましょう。プレッシャー下での語彙の想起は、リラックスした学習とは全く異なります。
体系的な語彙学習の方法については、英語の語彙力を向上させる方法をお読みください。
次のステップ
-
IELTSの語彙バンクを作る。 Task 1の単語をLinglifyの辞書に追加:
-
次はTask 2の語彙を学ぶ。 Task 1とTask 2では必要な語彙が異なります。意見・対比・学術的な語彙はIELTS Writing Task 2 語彙ガイドをお読みください。
-
パラフレーズをマスターする。 導入段落では問題文のパラフレーズが必要です。IELTSの同義語・パラフレーズガイドで、受験者が使いすぎる単語の代替表現200以上を学べます。
-
IELTS完全ガイドを読む。 Writing, Speaking, Reading, Listeningの全4セクションの語彙はIELTS語彙完全ガイドをご覧ください。
-
全体的な語彙力を高める。 幅広い一般語彙があればTask 1の描写もより自然になります。英語語彙の学習法でステップバイステップのシステムを学びましょう。
よくある質問
IELTS Writing Task 1で最も重要な語彙は?
トレンド語彙 — 上昇・下降・安定・変動を表す単語です。Task 1の回答の60〜70%がこれで構成されます。次に重要なのが比較語彙(whereas, in contrast, surpassed)と概数表現(approximately, roughly, nearly)です。
Task 1は何語書くべき?
最低150語ですが、バンド7以上の回答は多くが170〜190語です。200語を大幅に超えるのはリスクがあります — Task 2に使う時間が減り、Task 2の配点の方が2倍多いからです。長さではなく質と正確さに集中しましょう。
チャートのすべての数値を書くべき?
いいえ。最も重要なデータポイントを選びましょう:最高値、最低値、開始値、終了値、注目すべき転換点。試験官はすべての数値を列挙する能力ではなく、主要な特徴を見抜く力を評価します。
「概要(overview)」段落とは何か、なぜ重要か?
概要は主なトレンドや特徴の1〜2文のまとめで、導入の後・詳細の前に書きます。バンド7以上に必須です。概要がなければ、Task Achievementでバンド6を超えることはできません。例:“Overall, internet access rose significantly in all three nations, with Japan achieving the highest penetration rate.”
Task 1の語彙はTask 2と違う?
はい、大きく異なります。Task 1ではデータ描写の語彙(トレンド、割合、比較)が必要で、Task 2では意見・議論の語彙(contend, advocate, consequently)が必要です。一部重複するもの(significant, illustrateなど)はありますが、中核語彙は別物です。両方学びましょう — Task 2 語彙ガイドでエッセイ特有の単語を学べます。
円グラフと折れ線グラフで描写はどう変わる?
円グラフには割合・パーセンテージの語彙が必要です:「accounted for」「comprised」「the majority of」「a quarter」。折れ線グラフにはトレンド語彙が必要です:「rose」「fell」「fluctuated」「peaked」。表には比較語彙が必要です:「the highest」「exceeded」「was comparable to」。チャートの種類に合った語彙を使い分けることが、バンド7以上のライティングの証です。