Подготовка к экзаменам

Лексика IELTS Writing Task 1: слова для описания графиков, таблиц и карт

#IELTS #Writing #лексика #Task 1

IELTS Writing Task 1 — это не эссе, а описание данных. У вас 20 минут, чтобы описать график, диаграмму, таблицу, карту или процесс минимум в 150 слов. Необходимая лексика полностью отличается от Task 2: вместо мнений и аргументов нужны слова для трендов, сравнений, пропорций и временных периодов.

Большинство кандидатов теряют баллы не потому, что неправильно читают данные, а потому что описывают их тремя словами: «increased», «decreased» и «the chart shows». Это руководство даёт вам 150+ слов и фраз, организованных по функции — чтобы вы могли описать любой тип графика с точностью и разнообразием, которых требует Band 7–9.

Всего лексики: 150+ слов и фраз
Организация: по функции (тренды, сравнения, пропорции, введение к графику, время)
Типы графиков: линейные графики, столбчатые диаграммы, круговые диаграммы, таблицы, карты, диаграммы процессов
Кому подойдёт: IELTS Academic Writing Task 1, подготовка к Band 6–9

Как оценивается лексика в Task 1

Task 1 использует те же четыре критерия, что и Task 2, каждый по 25%:

Критерий	Что это значит для Task 1
Task Achievement	Описали ли вы ключевые характеристики и провели сравнения?
Coherence and Cohesion	Логично ли организовано описание? Есть ли связующие слова?
Lexical Resource	Использовали ли вы разнообразную лексику точно?
Grammatical Range	Использовали ли вы разнообразные грамматические конструкции?

Lexical Resource — критерий, где лексика напрямую определяет ваш балл:

Band	Чего ожидают экзаменаторы
5	Ограниченный словарный запас; могут использоваться неправильные слова для трендов; повторения
6	Достаточный словарный запас; попытки использовать менее распространённые слова, но с ошибками
7	Достаточный запас для гибкого описания данных; менее типичные слова, использованные к месту
8	Широкий запас слов, использованных естественно; ошибки крайне редки; точный выбор слов
9	Полная свобода и точность; текст читается как профессиональный отчёт

Главная лексическая ошибка в Task 1 — повторения. Если вы пишете «increased» четыре раза и «decreased» три раза, вы застреваете на Band 6 независимо от того, насколько точно описаны данные.

Пять типов графиков с соответствующими категориями лексики — линейный график, столбчатая диаграмма, круговая диаграмма, таблица и диаграмма процесса

Категория 1: введение к графику

Каждый ответ Task 1 начинается с перефразирования того, что показывает график. Никогда не копируйте формулировку вопроса дословно — экзаменаторы снижают за это баллы.

Глаголы для «The chart shows…»

Глагол	Формальность	Пример
illustrates	формальный	The line graph illustrates changes in unemployment rates over a 20-year period.
depicts	формальный	The bar chart depicts the number of tourists visiting five countries in 2024.
presents	нейтральный	The table presents a comparison of average salaries across four industries.
compares	нейтральный	The chart compares the percentage of households with internet access in three nations.
outlines	формальный	The diagram outlines the process of water purification.
provides information about	нейтральный	The graph provides information about energy consumption by sector.
gives a breakdown of	нейтральный	The pie chart gives a breakdown of government spending by category.

Существительные для типов графиков

Используйте точные существительные — не называйте всё «the chart».

Тип графика	Варианты названия
Линейный график	the line graph, the graph, the figure
Столбчатая диаграмма	the bar chart, the chart, the figure
Круговая диаграмма	the pie chart, the chart
Таблица	the table, the data, the figures
Карта	the two maps, the diagrams
Процесс	the diagram, the flow chart, the figure

Временные выражения для введения

Выражение	Пример
over a _-year period	…over a 30-year period from 1990 to 2020.
between *and*	…between 2010 and 2025.
from to	…from January to December 2024.
during the period	…during the period shown.
in the year _	…in the year 2023.

Пример введения (Band 7+): The line graph illustrates the average monthly rainfall in three Asian cities over a 12-month period from January to December.

Категория 2: описание роста

Это самая важная категория лексики для Task 1. Вам нужно несколько способов сказать «went up».

Глаголы (рост)

Глагол	Сила	Пример
rose	умеренная	Sales rose from 200 to 350 units.
increased	умеренная	The number of students increased steadily.
grew	умеренная	The population grew by 15% over the decade.
climbed	умеренная–сильная	Unemployment climbed to 8% in the third quarter.
surged	сильная	Demand surged during the holiday season.
soared	очень сильная	House prices soared to record levels.
rocketed	очень сильная	Internet usage rocketed between 2000 and 2010.
jumped	внезапный рост	Exports jumped by 25% in a single month.
doubled	конкретный	The figure doubled from 500 to 1,000.
tripled	конкретный	Revenue tripled in the space of five years.

Существительные (рост)

Существительное	Сила	Пример
a rise	умеренная	There was a rise in the number of applicants.
an increase	умеренная	The chart shows an increase of 20%.
growth	умеренная	The country experienced steady economic growth.
a surge	сильная	There was a sharp surge in demand.
a jump	внезапный	A sudden jump occurred in March.
a peak	максимум	The figure reached a peak of 450 in July.

Наречия и прилагательные (скорость и масштаб)

Описание изменения	Наречие (с глаголом)	Прилагательное (с сущ.)
небольшое	slightly, marginally	a slight, a marginal
умеренное	moderately, steadily	a moderate, a steady
значительное	significantly, considerably	a significant, a considerable
резкое	sharply, rapidly, dramatically	a sharp, a rapid, a dramatic
очень резкое	steeply, exponentially	a steep, an exponential

Комбинирование:

Sales rose sharply from 200 to 500. (глагол + наречие)
There was a sharp rise from 200 to 500. (прилагательное + существительное)
The figure increased significantly, reaching 500 by December. (глагол + наречие)

Шкала силы лексики для трендов от slight до dramatic — как наречия и прилагательные соотносятся с масштабом изменений

Категория 3: описание снижения

Глаголы (снижение)

Глагол	Сила	Пример
fell	умеренная	The temperature fell to below zero overnight.
decreased	умеренная	Exports decreased by 12% compared to the previous year.
declined	умеренная	The birth rate has declined steadily since 2010.
dropped	умеренная–сильная	Attendance dropped sharply in the second quarter.
shrank	умеренная	The workforce shrank due to automation.
plummeted	очень сильная	Tourism numbers plummeted during the pandemic.
plunged	очень сильная	Share prices plunged after the announcement.
halved	конкретная	The number of complaints halved within one year.
dipped	лёгкая/временная	Revenue dipped briefly in March before recovering.

Существительные (снижение)

Существительное	Сила	Пример
a fall	умеренная	There was a fall of 15% in the third quarter.
a decrease	умеренная	The data shows a decrease in household spending.
a decline	умеренная	A steady decline is visible from 2015 onwards.
a drop	умеренная–сильная	A sharp drop occurred between June and July.
a dip	лёгкая/временная	There was a slight dip in sales during the summer.
a low	минимум	The figure reached a low of 120 in February.

Те же наречия и прилагательные из категории 2 работают здесь: fell sharply, a dramatic decline, decreased slightly.

Категория 4: стабильность и колебания

Не все данные растут или падают. Нужна лексика для ровных линий и нестабильных движений.

Стабильность (без изменений)

Выражение	Пример
remained stable at	The rate remained stable at approximately 5%.
stayed constant at	Prices stayed constant at $200 throughout the year.
leveled off at	After rising sharply, the figure leveled off at 300.
plateaued at	Growth plateaued at 3% between 2018 and 2022.
remained unchanged	The proportion of female employees remained unchanged.
held steady at	Interest rates held steady at 2.5%.
maintained the same level	Exports maintained the same level as the previous year.

Колебания (вверх-вниз)

Выражение	Пример
fluctuated between *and*	The exchange rate fluctuated between 1.2 and 1.5.
varied considerably	Rainfall varied considerably from month to month.
experienced fluctuations	The stock price experienced significant fluctuations.
was erratic / volatile	Sales figures were erratic throughout the period.

Категория 5: сравнение данных

Task 1 почти всегда требует сравнений — между странами, периодами, категориями или группами.

Сравнение бо́льших значений

Выражение	Пример
was higher than	Spending on education was higher than spending on defense.
exceeded	Exports exceeded imports for the first time in 2019.
was the highest	Japan had the highest internet usage rate at 92%.
surpassed	Renewable energy surpassed coal as the primary source.
outnumbered	Female graduates outnumbered male graduates by 2 to 1.
accounted for the largest share	Housing accounted for the largest share of expenditure.

Сравнение меньших значений

Выражение	Пример
was lower than	The average salary was lower than the national median.
was the lowest	Country C had the lowest GDP per capita.
fell behind	Rural areas fell behind urban areas in internet access.
accounted for the smallest proportion	Transport accounted for the smallest proportion of spending.

Сравнение похожих значений

Выражение	Пример
was similar to	Male and female participation rates were similar.
was comparable to	The 2020 figure was comparable to that of 2015.
was almost the same as	Spending on food was almost the same as spending on transport.
was roughly equal to	The number of imports was roughly equal to exports.

Фразы для контраста

Выражение	Пример
whereas	Japan had a rate of 92%, whereas India had only 34%.
while	While exports rose, imports declined sharply.
in contrast	Spending on education grew. In contrast, defense spending fell.
compared to / compared with	The figure was 45% in 2020, compared to only 12% in 2000.
by contrast	Urban areas grew rapidly. By contrast, rural populations shrank.
on the other hand	Europe saw growth. On the other hand, Africa experienced a decline.

Категория 6: описание пропорций и количества

Особенно важна для круговых диаграмм и таблиц.

Выражение	Примерный диапазон	Пример
the vast majority of	80–95%	The vast majority of respondents preferred option A.
the majority of	50–80%	The majority of students chose science subjects.
over half / more than half	50–65%	Over half of the budget was allocated to salaries.
a significant proportion of	30–50%	A significant proportion of energy came from coal.
around a third / roughly a third	~33%	Roughly a third of the population lived in urban areas.
a quarter / approximately a quarter	~25%	A quarter of all exports went to China.
a small minority of	5–15%	A small minority of households had no internet access.
a negligible proportion of	<5%	A negligible proportion of energy came from solar power.

Слова-приближения

Слово	Пример
approximately / roughly	Approximately 45% of students passed.
around / about	Around 30 million tourists visited annually.
just over / just under	Just over 60% of respondents agreed.
nearly / almost	Nearly 90% of households had internet access.
exactly / precisely	The figure was exactly 50%.

Категория 7: лексика для карт и диаграмм процессов

Карты и процессы требуют другой лексики. Многие кандидаты теряют баллы, применяя лексику графиков к этим типам заданий.

Карты — описание изменений

Выражение	Пример
was replaced by	The farmland was replaced by a shopping center.
was converted into	The warehouse was converted into apartments.
was demolished / was knocked down	The old factory was demolished to make way for a park.
was constructed / was built	A new bridge was constructed across the river.
was extended / was expanded	The road was extended to connect the two villages.
was relocated to	The hospital was relocated to the outskirts of town.
remained unchanged	The church in the center remained unchanged.
underwent significant development	The area to the east underwent significant development.

Карты — описание расположения

Выражение	Пример
to the north / south / east / west of	A park was built to the north of the river.
in the center of	The town hall is located in the center of the map.
adjacent to / next to	The new school was built adjacent to the library.
on the outskirts of	A new housing estate was developed on the outskirts.
along the coast / riverbank	Hotels were constructed along the coast.
in the northeast / southwest corner	A factory appeared in the northeast corner.

Диаграммы процессов — последовательность

Выражение	Пример
in the first stage / step	In the first stage, raw materials are collected.
then / next / subsequently	The mixture is then heated to 100°C.
following this / after this	Following this, the liquid is filtered.
at this point / at this stage	At this stage, quality checks are performed.
finally / in the final stage	Finally, the finished product is packaged for distribution.
the process begins with	The process begins with the extraction of raw materials.
once _ is complete	Once filtration is complete, the water enters the storage tank.

До и после: полный ответ на Task 1

Вопрос

The line graph below shows the percentage of households with internet access in three countries between 2000 and 2020.

Версия на Band 5

The chart shows the percentage of households with internet access in three countries between 2000 and 2020. In 2000, Japan had 30%, the USA had 40%, and India had 5%. The internet access increased in all three countries. Japan increased to 95%, the USA increased to 90%, and India increased to 50%. Japan had the highest percentage in 2020. India had the lowest percentage. The internet access increased a lot in all countries.

Проблемы: «increased» использовано 4 раза, «shows» скопировано из вопроса, «a lot» — расплывчато, нет лексики сравнения, нет наречий.

Версия на Band 7+

The line graph illustrates the proportion of households with internet connectivity in Japan, the USA, and India over a two-decade period from 2000 to 2020.

Overall, internet access rose significantly in all three nations, with Japan achieving the highest penetration rate by the end of the period.

In 2000, the USA led with approximately 40% of households connected, followed by Japan at 30%, while India lagged considerably behind at just 5%. Over the next decade, Japan experienced the most dramatic growth, surging from 30% to around 80%, thereby surpassing the USA, which climbed more steadily to 75%.

Between 2010 and 2020, Japan’s figure continued to rise, reaching a peak of 95%. The USA followed a similar trajectory, plateauing at roughly 90% by 2018. India, although starting from a much lower base, saw the steepest proportional increase, rising from 15% in 2010 to 50% by 2020 — a more than threefold increase in a single decade.

Что изменилось:

«shows» → «illustrates»
«percentage» → «proportion»
«countries» → «nations»
«increased» (×4) → «rose», «surging», «climbed», «continued to rise»
Добавлены наречия силы: «significantly», «dramatically», «steadily», «considerably»
Добавлена лексика сравнения: «surpassing», «followed a similar trajectory», «lagged behind»
Добавлены приближения: «approximately», «roughly», «around»
Добавлен обзорный абзац (overall) с главным трендом

Слова для тренировки

Сохраните эти важные слова для Task 1 в словарь Linglify. Нажмите на любое слово, чтобы увидеть полное определение и произношение.

valid

прилагательное